The Bald Eagle Community :: essays research papers

The bald shoot was fin wholey adopted as the emblem of the United States in 1787 because "its long life, large strength, and majestic looks, and also because it was then believed to exist only on this continent." The bald eagle has survived for many years. It was almost lost at one point, and finally now is on its way back and the numbers are rising thanks to many efforts by various foundations. The Bald Eagle is more than a fair(a) a bird like every other species it too has a special part in keeping the food chain going.     While parkway On Rte10 through the town of Hamden what seems to be an ordinary ride can become a scenic view of our nations bird. On a tall skinny Birch tree over 40 ft in the air is lives a bald eagle in its natural habitat. In this go up lives a male adult and female adult with an Eaglet. The nest is located in a farming open field along a river depository financial institution. This field and river provides the eagles with a source of food. The eagles mostly eat fish, the adult eagle will swoop down to the water and grab a fish all in one motion flying the meal back to the nest to feed its family. The field is posted to prevent people from ruining the habitat, since the natural bringing up of this eagle is very important to its recovery from being endangered. I was able to view this community form the road and was able to watch the nest and occasionally watch the adult eagle fly away most likely looking for food to feed his family. The nest form my view was huge at least 3 feet in diameter perched up about 40 ft high on a birch tree. The surrounding area of the nest was clear of any branches or trees creating a clear access way for the birds to land. Below the nest was a large open field on the bank of an active river.      I visited the site approximately 5 times each visit was a t a different time in hopes of law-abiding a different activity. My first visit was around 10am one of the adults was perched on a branch nearby to the nest patiently staring at the surroundings. The eagle stayed for a while without moving. On my next visit at 12am I observed the whole family active inside the nest.

Its Time for More Bible and Less Welfare Essay -- Argumentative Persu

Its Time for More Bible and Less Welfare Government has considered and tried many plans for dealing with leanness in the United States, from all different points of view-welfare, workfare, charities, economic interference, and the like. There is one method, however, which has fallen out of popularity in this age. This is the biblical method. What God says about the distressing The Christian, or biblical, view of poverty is liberal in some respects and conservative in others. For example, Paul gives this rule to the early church If a man go forth not work, he shall not eat (2 Thessalonians 310). At the same time, the leaders of the church placed great importance on providing food for the ridiculous, and pack says that pure and faultless religion is to look after orphans and widows in their distress (James 127). While the early church cared for the brusk as a community, pooling in concert their resources and assigning deacons to oversee the distribution of food to t he poor (Acts 61-6), in the Old Testament the welfare of the poor was not the responsibility of the church or any form of government, but of individuals There will always be poor people in the land. Therefore I command you to be gravid toward your brothers and toward the poor and needy in your land (Deuteronomy 1511). Pauls rule, if a man will not work he shall not eat, is balanced by the God-given rights of the poor (Psalm 823). Proverbs indicates that poverty is often the result of laziness or foolishness (Proverbs 610-11, 104), yet makes it clear that the happiest people may be poor through no fault of their own (Proverbs 137, 1517, 191). Proverbs also declares it a virtue to help the poor He who is kind to the poor l... ...inated while this world lasts. However, by following the guidelines in the Bible to establish a modern-day system of gleaning, we can do something about poverty. The gleaning system, although it is almost solely opposite of what U.S. policy has been for many years, is neither impossible nor improbable. Before government welfare was instituted, the poor relied on the charity of individuals and churches. A nationwide gleaning program, bringing mainstay the values of charity and neighborliness that our modern society seems to have lost, would be more successful than welfare can ever be in this country. whole kit and boodle Cited Osborne, David and Gaebler, Ted (1993). Reinventing Government How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming America (New York Penguin Books). The Holy Bible, New English Translation. Biblical Studies Press. 16 Feb. 2002. .

Olubowale Victor Akintimehin: Stage Name Wale Essay -- Musicians

When most musicians be tally famous it is common that they lose fulfil with their culture, family, and become obsessed with making money. Many come in with a certain singing or rapping style but change what makes them unique for a record deal. In the hip-hop scene rappers crop up to dress themselves in many expensive designer clothing labels and diamond accessories, however, for Nigerian-American hip-hop MC Olubowheal skipper Akintimehin, stage name weal, this is a different story. opposed many rappers, Wale is noteworthy and respected for the exact opposite he embraces his culture and is interested in becoming famous for just simply being himself.Wale was born in Northwest Washington, D.C. September 21, 1984 to Nigerian immigrants who commencement arrived five years prior. aft(prenominal) 10 years, their family then moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where Wale found himself attending seven different high schools in both the DC and Maryland area. My premiere high school was a predominantly threatening school, and then I went to a predominantly white school, and then back again. I think that helped me naturalize an open mind about most things in lifeI kind of understand the plight of all people, from understanding all those different environments, he says in his biography on his official website www.ralphfolarin.com. In 2001, Wale graduated from Quince Orchard High School and later attended Robert Morris and Virginia State University on football scholarships. However after transferring a triad time to Bowie State University Wale decided to drop out and aspire on the journey for a potential recording career. In 2003-2004, Wale got his first air time with his song, Rhyme of the Century, on a local radio station which placed him in the Unsigned Hype column ... ...azine-says-he-loves-dark-skinned-pretty-girls-0http//dimewars.com/Video/Wale-Talks-Nigerian-Pride---Fear-Of-Lightskinned-Girls.aspx?bcmediaid=2d817e9c-5618-42a5-9f65-e7402c28b65chttp//www.jproteg e.com/wale-nigerian-day-parade/http//www.getmusic.com.au/wale/biographyhttp//questionmarkmag.com/2011/08/wale-works-with-african-artistes-for-charity-gig/http//www.rap-up.com/2009/08/08/wales-attention-gets-sidetracked/http//afrofusionlounge.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/bunny-mack-interview-no-qualms-about-wales-sample-of-his-classic-song/http//killerboombox.com/6485/audio/heaters/wale-no-one-be-like-youhttp//www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788http//www.census.gov/population/international/http//www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4 Olubowale victor Akintimehin Stage Name Wale Essay -- MusiciansWhen most musicians become famous it is common that they lose touch with their culture, family, and become obsessed with making money. Many come in with a certain singing or rapping style but change what makes them unique for a record deal. In the hip-hop scene rappers start to dress themselves in many expensive designer clothing labels and diamond accessories, however, for Nigerian-American hip-hop MC Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, stage name Wale, this is a different story. Unlike many rappers, Wale is noteworthy and respected for the exact opposite he embraces his culture and is interested in becoming famous for just simply being himself.Wale was born in Northwest Washington, D.C. September 21, 1984 to Nigerian immigrants who first arrived five years prior. After 10 years, their family then moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where Wale found himself attending seven different high schools in both the DC and Maryland area. My first high school was a predominantly black school, and then I went to a predominantly white school, and then back again. I think that helped me cultivate an open mind about most things in lifeI kind of understand the plight of all people, from understanding all those different environments, he says in his biography on h is official website www.ralphfolarin.com. In 2001, Wale graduated from Quince Orchard High School and later attended Robert Morris and Virginia State University on football scholarships. However after transferring a third time to Bowie State University Wale decided to drop out and aspire on the journey for a potential recording career. In 2003-2004, Wale got his first air time with his song, Rhyme of the Century, on a local radio station which placed him in the Unsigned Hype column ... ...azine-says-he-loves-dark-skinned-pretty-girls-0http//dimewars.com/Video/Wale-Talks-Nigerian-Pride---Fear-Of-Lightskinned-Girls.aspx?bcmediaid=2d817e9c-5618-42a5-9f65-e7402c28b65chttp//www.jprotege.com/wale-nigerian-day-parade/http//www.getmusic.com.au/wale/biographyhttp//questionmarkmag.com/2011/08/wale-works-with-african-artistes-for-charity-gig/http//www.rap-up.com/2009/08/08/wales-attention-gets-sidetracked/http//afrofusionlounge.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/bunny-mack-interview-no-qualms-about-wal es-sample-of-his-classic-song/http//killerboombox.com/6485/audio/heaters/wale-no-one-be-like-youhttp//www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788http//www.census.gov/population/international/http//www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4

Dr. Martin Luther King :: essays research papers

My impression of Dr. Martin Luther King was always and still is that he was a undischarged leader for the African American people. He was a big leader in the civil rights movement. He was as well genuinely involved in the community. make up though I have much respect for Dr. King, I felt up he was a house or megabyte negro leader, the term Malcom X used, and was only interested with civil rights issues.The term house and yard negroes was what Malcom X called black leaders who were just puppets for the white man. They were at that place just to keep recreation among African American people. Like I stated early I have much respect for Dr. King tho I still felt he was like the rest of the black leaders who just preached about nonviolence. The ones who always say, look have far we throw in from the old days, but in actuality we were no better then, than we were back in the old days. I just felt hat violence was never an weft when it came to Dr. King and his beliefs. Until I aver his comments and he states, we still have a choice today nonviolent coexistence or violent co annihilation.I also thought Dr. King was more(prenominal) interested in civil rights than he was kind-hearted rights. How is the black man going to get civil right beforehand first he wins his human right?(Malcom X). But after reading his comments my views have changed. He stated, The limited reforms we have won have been at obligation rates for the power of structure. on that point are no expenses involved, no taxes are required, for Negroes to share lunch counters, libraries, parks, hotels and other facilities. Even the more substantial reforms such as voting rights require uncomplete monetary or psychological sacrifice. He was also quoted saying it a crime for people to live in this copious nation and receive starvation wages. My opinions of Dr. Martin Luther King, has changed since reading his comments. I went from thinking violence was never a choice for Dr. King to learni ng that it was. Although I feel that he was still a hundred percent against violence. My main opinion of him has change a great deal. I thought Dr. King was only for the civil rights moment, implication he would be bright with us just getting our voting rights and every thing else that represented the civil rights movement.Dr. Martin Luther King essays research papers My impression of Dr. Martin Luther King was always and still is that he was a great leader for the African American people. He was a big leader in the civil rights movement. He was also very involved in the community. Even though I have much respect for Dr. King, I felt he was a house or yard negro leader, the term Malcom X used, and was only interested with civil rights issues.The term house and yard negroes was what Malcom X called black leaders who were just puppets for the white man. They were there just to keep peace among African American people. Like I stated early I have much respect for Dr. King but I st ill felt he was like the rest of the black leaders who just preached about nonviolence. The ones who always say, look have far we come from the old days, but in actuality we were no better then, than we were back in the old days. I just felt hat violence was never an option when it came to Dr. King and his beliefs. Until I read his comments and he states, we still have a choice today nonviolent coexistence or violent co annihilation.I also thought Dr. King was more interested in civil rights than he was human rights. How is the black man going to get civil right before first he wins his human right?(Malcom X). But after reading his comments my views have changed. He stated, The limited reforms we have won have been at bargain rates for the power of structure. There are no expenses involved, no taxes are required, for Negroes to share lunch counters, libraries, parks, hotels and other facilities. Even the more substantial reforms such as voting rights require neither monetary or psyc hological sacrifice. He was also quoted saying it a crime for people to live in this rich nation and receive starvation wages. My opinions of Dr. Martin Luther King, has changed since reading his comments. I went from thinking violence was never a choice for Dr. King to learning that it was. Although I feel that he was still a 100 percent against violence. My main opinion of him has change a great deal. I thought Dr. King was only for the civil rights moment, meaning he would be happy with us just getting our voting rights and every thing else that represented the civil rights movement.

Abortion: Women Must Be Given A Choice Essay -- Freedom of Choice, Pro-

This is paper is about the issue of Abortion. I think the discussion of this issue is important because, I think women should pay the choice whether to continue with a pregnancy or non.There argon a lot of reasons why women have abortions. Here are a a few(prenominal) reasons why, rape, or physically not able to carry the pregnancy to full term, or genetic defects. Abortion is a tough decision in its self, women should not have to deal with the worry of the being convicted or condemned because of her choice. There also have been studies done involving un penuryed boorren they end up suffering from physical and mental aggrieve done by the parent. There is also the issue of the relationship between a husband and wife, especially if the woman was raped, the husband has a impenetrable time dealing with the pregnancy itself and once the child is born the husband does not treat the child as if it was his. Then you have the psychological damage to the woman after being raped, itse lf. Some may argue that it is morally wrong to have an abortion and a crime. It is considered to be murder. A few age back, it was considered a crime for a woman to have an abortion. Since this was considered a crime many women would seek out back alley doctors to perform an abortion. These were done in unsanitary conditions, sometimes the back alley doctor would mess up the procedure and the woman would either die from this or be unable to look at later in life. Some would thus far consider drinking a mixture that would induce a miscarriage, and would end up dying from the mixture. Some women would even cause injury to themselves to induce a miscarriage of the unwanted pregnancy, with metal and wooden objects. Then there is the argument of the church it is... ...rious physical defects.B.Women should have abortions when they want to terminate an unwanted pregnancy and the fetus has serious physical defects. A rule utilitarian would try to answer the same question, which rule will bring about more total well-being? In conclusion, a choice needs to be available to prevent the birth of unwanted children, to avoid damage to the child as well as the well-being of women. Preservation of life seems to be a slogan for anti-abortionists. If we turn our backs on women now, it would bring more deaths and illegal and self-induced abortions. Anti-abortionists do not know what it is like to have to make the decision of having an abortion they have not experienced the situation that some women had to go through. There are arguments on both sides and judgment against people needs to be stopped. Abortion should remain legal,

Abortion: Women Must Be Given A Choice Essay -- Freedom of Choice, Pro-

This is paper is about the write up of Abortion. I think the discussion of this issue is important because, I think women should return the choice whether to continue with a pregnancy or not.There are a lot of reasons why women have abortions. Here are a few reasons why, rape, or physically not able to carry the pregnancy to full term, or genetic defects. Abortion is a tough decision in its self, women should not have to deal with the worry of the being convicted or condemned because of her choice. There also have been stu fractures done involving unwanted children they complete up suffering from physical and psychological damage done by the parent. There is also the issue of the relationship between a husband and wife, oddly if the woman was raped, the husband has a hard time dealing with the pregnancy itself and once the child is born the husband does not treat the child as if it was his. Then you have the psychological damage to the woman after being raped, itself. Some may argue that it is morally wrong to have an abortion and a crime. It is considered to be murder. A few years brook, it was considered a crime for a woman to have an abortion. Since this was considered a crime many women would seek out back alley doctors to perform an abortion. These were done in unsanitary conditions, sometimes the back alley doctor would mess up the procedure and the woman would either die from this or be unable to conceive later in life. Some would even consider drinking a mixture that would induce a miscarriage, and would final stage up dying from the mixture. Some women would even cause injury to themselves to induce a miscarriage of the unwanted pregnancy, with metal and wooden objects. Then there is the object of the church it is... ...rious physical defects.B.Women should have abortions when they want to terminate an unwanted pregnancy and the fetus has serious physical defects. A rule utilitarian would try to state the same question, which rule will produce more total well-being? In conclusion, a choice needs to be available to prevent the race of unwanted children, to avoid damage to the child as well as the well-being of women. Preservation of life seems to be a slogan for anti-abortionists. If we turn our backs on women now, it would bring more deaths and illegal and self-induced abortions. Anti-abortionists do not know what it is like to have to make the decision of having an abortion they have not experienced the emplacement that some women had to go through. There are arguments on both sides and judgment against people needs to be stopped. Abortion should remain legal,

Company Director’s Duties

A fellowship handler is a person that has been appointed by stockholders or other conductors to act in accordance with the Companies Articles of Association. The position of film director is extremely sensitive. This is because one ought be fully awargon of all their obligations, responsibilities and duties. In view of this, the UK authorities passed the Companies Act of 2006 to set show up duties of the caller-out director. (Butterworths Company, 2008) Company directors duties at Common law The Company directors duties were laid in previous legislations.However, in the year 2006, the UK parliament decided to codify these duties and also at the same time establish more or less new aspects to these obligations. According to common law, the companion director was expected to accommodate employee interests. This was largely because it could focalise success within any respective companion when implemented. Most of the companies that adhered to this principle would eliminate o r reduce wooings of litigation. (Kluwer, 2006) How it was codified codification of company directors duties occurred as a result of the company reform Bill that was proposed in November 2005.The purpose of the Bill was to modernise company law. This is because in the past, the duties of the company director were mainly laid out in case law. This left a lot of room for speculation as some of these duties were non well explained. These included issues close auditors liability, accountability, transparency and rules governing private companies. The Bill was then passed into law as the Company Act 2006. It should be say that this new law is not evidently a new creation, instead it has merged previous case law with statutory provisions.In summary, the codification of company directors duties creates a locale for making company directors exercise diligence, care, skill and independent judgement. The company director should look out for the interests of consumers, employees, and the environment in planetary. It should be noted that much(prenominal) an advance was not prevalent in the previous case laws. Now company directors need to watch out for the emission of pollutant gases and increased waste emission to the environment. (Thiaray, 2006) Codification of directors duties was also created for the purpose of clearly outlining the rules governing this role.This is because company directors chthonianstructure now have an understanding of their boundaries in simple language. This is especially so owing to the fact that the codification forbids benefiting out of company profitability. This means that company directors should operate within a given moral code. This also come acrosss that most of the company shareholders are also able to understand the code. Consequently, company directors who choose to break it may find themselves in larger levels of problems than those who do not do the same.The adjacent are the duties as laid out in the new statute the calling to consider all relevant issues when acting on behalf of the company the concern to abide by company decisions and laws the duty to treat company property as a separate entity from the company directors or shareholders the duty to record decisions made by the company director the duty to apply special skills and improve ones knowledge about ones company the duty to take up responsibility for assigning work to organisational members the duty to avoid potential conflicting scenarios between the director and the company. When this is inevitable, the company director must inform others of these conflicts immediately the duty to seek counsel from other individuals outside the company- the latter is specifically applicable to financially challenging situations (Hannigan & Prentice, 2007) According to the government minister for industry and the Regions, this codification represents a shift from common law in one major way it presents a unification of obligations to the sha reholder and to the public.In the past, shareholders interests were considered contradictory to company directors duties because it was assumed when the company director was trying to protect the interests of shareholders, he would have to forego environmentalists rights and the interests of the general public. However, with ingress of the new law, now the two interests can be merged to work as one. The minister also asserted that the statute reflected a new method acting of doing headache because it employed business sense.Overly, this new Act is trying to highlight how companies can incorporate social responsibilities into their way of business. The law had made provisions for suing company directors. However, owing to the fact the very few shareholders often conduct litigations against their bosses, then chances are that shareholders will not choose that option. The statute states that company directors are soluble to the company in case they breach their duties. However, it sh ould be noted that a substantial amount of shareholders rarely conduct litigations against their company director. Reece & Ryan, 2007) The law has also help in the process of clarifying how the company director should act in case of a difficult decision making process. According to the statement of duties, the company director is supposed to consider the interests of the company rather than his own interests. It should be noted that there is a distinct difference between company dependants and company shareholders. Besides that, the Act also lays out some specific issues that need to be incorporated in the decisions making process.There are numerous players that can be affected by the company directors choice. Consequently, company directors who follow the latter provisions are likely to heighten their chances of success than those who do not. It should be noted that success in this case is measured by a companys achievement of its long term objectives. The latter are usually laid out at the inception of the company or are revised by shareholders as they continue with their operations. Additionally, the statute talks about company directors ensuring that their words are often documented.It should be noted here that this requirement is not forced upon the company director instead it merely prompts him. motive case The particular duty chosen for study in this case is the duty to consider all the relevant issues when acting on behalf of the company. . The case chosen for analysis is BAE vs. the state 2006. The latter company BAE was a supplier of war planes. In this particular case, it had been contracted by Saudi Arabia to supply those commodities to them. However, the BAE company was assemble to have involved itself in corruption.The company director who acted on behalf of the firm did not consider all the issues surrounding the reception of bribes. In order to promise the contract to supply Saudi Arabia with warplanes, the latter utilised bribery to secur e the contract. This has the capability of affecting the whole of the United Kingdom. Saudi Arabia was providing assistance to Britain in its military campaign towards fighting terrorism. However, upon hearing the news of BAE companys decision, Saudi Arabia was angered and therefore discontinued their provision of aid to Britain. (Lorie, 2006)It should be noted that the Attorney general decided to cancel the inquires placed upon the representatives of that company especially the company director. This decision to halt inquiries was done secretly and it made it appear as though companies did not adhere to the duties of the company director. Many people asserted that the case brought into question a conflict between the rule of law and public interest. It should be noted that the latter two have been merged in the codification of company directors duties. But before that codification, the latter two seemed very conflicting.This is on the dot what took place here. There were differin g opinions about whether the companys directors breach of duty can be questioned before the law. However, the case brought out the fact that it can be difficult to implement this law especially when the case involves a large company. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that the nature of the business conducted by the company was rather sensitive, some of the analysts of the case claimed that the issue of arms supplies kind of grants immunity to the respective parties and makes it extremely easy for company directors to get away with terms doings.However, other experts asserted that the company has lost public confidence owing to the fact that the case was not tried properly. The Attorney general who holds three dockets government chief officer, politician and legal advisor, may have overstepped his boundaries by letting this company go without giving it the right to defend its name in the public. It should be noted that consumers will have serious doubts about the inte grity of the company and whether they can approach it for business in the future. (Lorie, 2006)The codification of code company directors duties also indicated the fact that a company director ought to consider all parties involved in a decisions this refers to the shareholders and the public alike. However, before the code, the major dialect was on shareholders interests alone. Consequently, the effect was that case law was a mere regulator rather than an implementer of the company directors duties. This means that when one commits a business crime as a company director, then they are not susceptible to face the full force of the law.In fact, the codification has assisted in laying out clear violations as some people may have problems ironing out what affects them and what does not. Overly, the latter case was never tried. Consequently, it is difficult to circumscribe whether the respective director would have been made accountable for his crimes or whether he would have been set free. What one can conclude about this particular case is the fact that company directors tend to act with immunity. The UK government has a serious challenge of instituting the rule of law with regard to wealthy individuals like the one under trial. Buckley, 2005) Conclusion The codification of company directors duties was done in order to iron out some grey areas in this aspect. Additionally, it was done to ascertain that company directors act within the confines of economic and social responsibility. Company directors can no longer feign ignorance as a result of the complexities of such an approach. Also, they are likely to be easily detected in case they act poorly. Despite the latter positives, the UK government is still faced with a reduce of challenges in this sector.Some of the negatives that can emanate from the latter law are related to fear of looking for alternative solutions to problems plaguing a company. It is also possible that some people may be discouraged from vy ing for the post of company director due to these numerous rules. On top of that, the new laws do not mark off laws on punishing non compliance. The latter are still the same old methods that ere used in the past. This means that implementation of the company Act 2006 may be very difficult.

Pros and Cons School Uniforms Essay

In the some drills around the world, whether it being public or private, to primary(a) to high prepares, no matter what kind of schools, they ar all eligible for acquiring school uniforms. School uniforms faecal matter accept a overconfident impact on the school by changing the factors that cause businesss among the assimilators. By having school uniforms mandatory, many changes of a students behavior give nonice change. For example, when students atomic number 18 obligated to relegate uniforms, they would have achieve better attendance and less(prenominal) verbal abuse with new(prenominal)wise classmates. But on the other hand, it crapper also have a negative impacts on a students individualization and esteem which female genitalia affect their emotion and automatic teller machine around school. It is a ample idea to implement a system on school uniforms because of the positive outcomes that are received. Some of the good outputs that are better grades, little to no arousements, better a attendance record, and more than as well.To start of with the positive solutions of school uniforms, one of the advantages to wearing school uniforms, is that it can contribute to cleansed attendance. In the morning, children have a hard time waking up due to the earliness in which they are obligated to do so. This focus can be reached towards the females. This really halts an impact on girls. Girls spend more time than guys on apparel. Girls have more sense of details when it comes to fashion and find it more important to elevate their self-esteem. This can be time consuming in the morning if they do non wake up early enough to plan out their outfits. In my experience, e actually morning I spend at least twenty minutes or more on picking out c splithes I would wear to school. It is because, I have such a variety of clo function that makes it hard to choose from what I want. Since girls have vast amounts of clothing than guys, it makes it harder t o choose outfits in the morning, therefore time has collapsed when it could have been used to eat breakfast or bushel onto the bus for school. In Long edge Unified School District, set in Long Beach California, have lift upn improvement in school attendance. The district has school uniforms mandatory for the children who attend the schools in the Long Beach district. The elementary schools in the district, have exceeded successful attendance. The percentage of improved attendance has increased up to 94.8 percent since 1994, and as years has passed by until now, the uniforms has been well-nigh fulfilled al virtually perfect attendance. It didnt start out with the whole district acquiring school uniforms. It all started from one elementary school using the apparel. When the school started gaining big(p) attendance, other schools in the same district thought it would reach great potential for their school. As you can see, when your outfits are planned each day without having to s pecify about it, you can save time each morning. It go out take as little as five minutes to put on the uniform, thus preventing tardies and giving improved attendance.Second of all, by involving school uniforms into the system, it can help prevent drama, harassment, and verbal abuse, and sexual offense among the student body. In the Long Beach district, it was proven that assault in grades, kindergarten through eighth grades was dropped down eighty-five percent. Fighting has also been be dropped by thirty-eight percent. Sex offenses has declined by ninety-six percent. All the reduction to improved behavior of students, come from the school uniforms. When sight have the right to choose their own clothing, they show how they want to express themselves. The individuality of students differentiate between each student, and not everyone will like everybody elses clothing. Other students will very practically pick on each other, especially the jr. group of children, will humor them selves because of other childrens appearances. Not everybody has the kindness and altruistic inside them, which can cause them to do unsympathetic actions that can legal injury one another. Verbal abuse can cause hurt feelings, when it has to do with their own originality. A students expression through their clothes can help build confidence in themselves until someone turns them down because they do not like the clothing. Some clothing to others, make state vulnerable to harass students by bullying as well. By the clothing they wear, it can also show their personality. Sexual offenses have also been reduced because school uniforms can make people less attractive. With the proper clothing, such as tucked in shirts, to slacks and khakis, there will be less exposed skin. Males tend to a great deal get attracted and urge to harass females that have that kind of appearance. With the help of school uniforms, everybody will look the same, so it would be harder to tease or abuse other c hildren in school.Another positive aspect of school uniforms, less criminal activities take place. Stolen items, especially clothing, are caused by the jealousy of others. Not everybody can get what they desire in clothing because of the expenses. When people do not have the diligence to go out and purchase their own belongings, stolen items will occur. umteen people will own some of the fanciest apparel that can catch many eyes, and a majority of that group probably cannot afford it. Clothes can be easily taken from lockers, and students know how to hack into lockers of students, especially during middle school class. When students have a gym class, they are required to change out of their casual clothing, into gym clothes that are required for activities that take place during gym such as running, sports, and more that can cause students to sweat large amounts, and that would be very uncomfortable to do with jeans and other hard-to-move-in clothing. It is much easier to rob cloth ing during gym periods because the locker rooms are not guarded or watched by anybody most of the time.When people know the fact that the locker rooms are unattended, that gives kids great opportunities to snatch whatever they can get. Another decline in criminal activities, are gangs. The clothing of how people express how they are and how their personality can show through their clothing. With the violent looking apparel, it can really contribute to ones action. It is most likely, that with the people without the disciplined clothing, do not have a strong bond with the family that could really make a divagation to them. With the lack of family orientation, kids will follow under the influence that others will do as well as clothing. With the ability of actions of what gangs can do, it can create a bad atmosphere in the school with vandalism and theft as well. School property could be damaged and abused by gangs. Once uniforms becomes a policy into the school system, parents would get involved with their children because of the purchasing of the uniforms. The reduction of all these incidents has reduced sixty-nine percent. It could help parents connect with their children by getting them involved with their education. Once parents can see the difference when school uniforms are being used in the school, they could show more appreciation for the kids, by having their kids go to school above the influence. Criminal action at law can decline with school uniforms, whitethornbe not at its full potential, but with the help of the school clothing it can make a difference by disciplining children to producea better community in the school.Furthermore, school uniforms can present improvement in students academically. With the distractions of what clothing can do, it can scatter students education. The distraction of everybodys individuality, everybody will have different expression of clothing, which can take mind off of classwork and homework. This can be a big d eal for females. Society has made an impact of the minds that dressing nice to school can make you look favored and desired to attract others for attention. Females whitethorn take up their studying time to go shopping that can take hours looking for the clothes that can make them look attractive. This can get hold several times in a week or month, and most of that time could have been made up with studying to prepare for tests that makes up a majority of a grade in a class. Females may even take the time to make others jealous or to attract a certain(prenominal) someone they would want to amuse. Even on the other side, males could be distracted as well. Males can be distracted by the females with their overexposed outfits. When females show too much skin, males will have the urge to take a glance or check. This can often have males focus on girls rather than their education. In a survey, instructors have believed that kids are pressured on other students as well to getting name brand clothing so they could be accepted. Ninety percent of the teacher population in Long Beach district has believed so. This is very common for kids in schools, and the distractions should be eliminated. Incorporating assigned school apparel into the school, females can spend less time shopping and browsing for clothes that they would want to wear everyday at school.To add on to the productive reasonings, school uniforms can also improve students behavior. From what was stated above, all of that contributes to all individuals at schools to upgrade their manners and actions. Their behavior in school has gotten students to focus more in their education. Many factors can supply for the positive strength that people can have with school uniforms. Without the violence, distractions, harassment, and other types of influences that are negative. Teachers believe that it it can help students become more mature by ninety-five percent. By raising the maturity level, it can bring less probl ems to the school making it run smoothly.Having a positive attitude in school can also reduce the trouble that students get into. For example, all the fights, vandalizing, or any other actions students can make can racetrack them a path to suspensions. Suspensions are caused by the negative attitudes students tend to have. Suspension rates have been dropped by ninety percent. The actions they do to create a problem to get suspended can really depend on how you think and how positive it can be. A positive behavior in school can save trouble, and school uniforms can really contribute to this conclusion.On the other hand, school uniforms can be kind of a down turn as well. The major con to school uniforms, is that can hinder and stifle individuals self expression and creativity they could show in their clothes. Although it can bear the best in students such as achieving better grades, creating less drama within the students, or even reducing the violence that take place during school . Students do not find school uniforms attractive and most likely, they will not find the uniforms attractive. School uniforms never seem to look attractive anyways. The main designate is, that it can limit to showing their self identity and that is important to many of the students out there because this is also how people can find their friends. When people can see other peoples clothing, they can make general infer to see if they are compatible to be friends. Another reason being, when people can show their individuality, it can boost peoples happiness by a lot, and that can very much change a persons mood. just about people can picture having to pick their own clothing as art because you can choose what clothing can go together to make a certain outfit unique that could fulfill your desire. Parents like how they can see that their kids can express themselves through clothing because it can help them watch how they feel from day to day. When people can express through their cl othing you can tell how they are feeling. Most of the time, if kids dress nice all the time, they usually would have a high spirit with joy to going to school. Then if suddenly they dress the opposite sometimes, you can probably get a lot of things out of it. You can probably see that their mood affected how they chose their outfits. Seeing how everybody expresses themselves, can also show that they also have a little freedom in school since they are trapped all day from school. Students need some type of liberty while attending school tobalance with the strict rules that a school can have. With this type of freedom by expressing yourself through clothing can have a big effect on how you act upon yourself in a positive way.Second thought to the negative side is that school uniforms can get pricey. The school, or someone in the community would have to design the uniforms and assign them to each student in the school. Everybody in the school do not own the same amount of currency, so this can be trouble to some families out there. Some families out there would not have a problem paying for several uniforms to wear each day of the week. Each uniform can be expensive enough just for one uniform, but to multiply it by however many days there are in a week can add up to a pretty high number. Other families may not be able to afford it. This may create a problem to certain families without the money to be able to purchase the uniforms. The students parents may have to work extra, but other things may get in the way to prevent the opportunity to gain more money. With this problem, when a school does not have school uniforms, some families can save a lot of money by buying cheaper clothes for their children, and use their money on other important things like food, books, or anything else that may be important. Having uniforms in school, especially if they are adding it now and never did from the beginning, can cause a lot of money problems to some families out there .School uniforms can also cause a bad reputation for the school that they are attending. Not all students will often behave with the changes of clothes, so they will end up to trouble. Whether it being before school, during lunch, or after school when they are able to leave the campus, they have their uniforms on. going away out into the public with your uniform will let others know what school you attend. If students are out caught doing something repulsive or anything unacceptable, this can give the school a bad reputation. This will also cause the prevention of parents wanting to enroll their own kids into that school. When a school has a bad reputation due to their students behavior and actions, less people will want their children attending the school, and even students from that school will leave and attend another school with a good reputation to get a better education. School uniforms can very much make a difference. When a school has schooluniforms, students essential be a t their all time best behavior when they are off campus. They must be able to represent their school in a positive way, so that the school can get credited for the excellent behavior, and draw in students who would be attending the school in the future.Although school uniforms may have negative features to a students life in school, they are able to change their actions to prevent the negative features. Eliminating a persons individuality isnt always true, because there are weekends when students do not attend school, and that is when they can compensate for their right to being able to express their individuality and creativity. The important thing is that students are preparing their futures that could benefit them. With the high grades, to studying, and with less distractions, students can go to school with a purpose. Less competition between others will create an environment in which all students can become a greater person. School uniforms can very much discipline students into having a better and positive attitude and that can contribute for a much better future they could achieve.

Anna Historic and Ravensong

Ana Historic is a poetic novel about a woman named Annie who disc all overs Mrs. Richards, a woman of no history, in Vancouvers civic archives. Annie becomes obsessed with the possibilities of Mrs. Richards life. The novel is create verbally by Daphne Marlatt, a Canadian poet. antecedesong is a fictional novel about a cardinal year-old native girl who tries to bridge the gap betwixt the traditional ways of her primal village and exsanguine societys invasive new values.Ravensong is written by Lee Maracle, a First Nations writer and poet. Both of these novels swallow brought forth primary(prenominal) issues pertaining to Womens and Gender Studies such as colonialism, sexual activity, consternation of violence, and lesbianism. This penning will focus on the topic of sexuality and colonialism. These two novels have further educated me on more things. For example, after reading Ana Historic, I spy that there are various archives forms and styles other than traditional Europ ean models.Daphne Marlatt accustoms writing styles such as ecriture feminine in which feminist writers try to use their own bodies as a source for writing (Sand 10) and gynesis, which is an aesthetic strategy which puts gender, sexuality and maternity into public discourse (Sand 10). I alike learned how womanhood is constructed in a white middle class environment through what is considered appropriate conduct for a woman (Sand 10). After reading Ravensong, I discover that in traditional aboriginal culture, men never entered the house of single women without a man being present (Maracle 103).This novel has also taught me about the important role of Raven, the trickster who is used to dissolve the boundaries between Native and white culture (Sand 20). The novels are very divergent in terms of narrative styles, point-of-views, cadence periods, and how lesbianism and the role of nature play out in the story. Daphne Marlatt uses a postmodern narrative style, while Lee Maracle uses a combination of aboriginal and European narrative approaches. Ravensong is written from the point-of-view of a young native woman, whereas Ana Historic is written from the outlook of a white, middle-class woman.Lesbianism plays out differently in each novel. In Ana Hisotric, Annie belatedly comes to terms with her sexuality and eventually realizes that she is a lesbian. In Ravensong, Staceys friends Rena and German Judy are a lesbian couple. The role of nature in Ravensong is indivisible from serviceman life and landscape (Sand 20), where as in Ana Historic it is a guide of comfort and cause of fear (Sand 20). Ravensong takes place in the 1950s and Ana Historic takes place mostly in the 1950s and 1870s (Mrs. Richards). Colonialism and sexuality are topics which are closely correlated. They are both about dominance, regulation, discourse and race.Sexuality is defined as the diachronic organization and regulation of confide and sexual practices into favorable identities that ar e constructed as if they emerge from nature (Sand 18). Daphne Marlatt and Lee Maracle deal with this subject in very different ways. In Ravensong, sexuality is associated with shame and suicide. In Ana historic, sexuality is associated with mothering and lesbianism. Colonialism is the extension of a nations sovereignty over territory beyond its b orders by the governing body of either settle colonies or creating administrative dependencies in which native or indigenous populations are directly ruled (Patel 8).Ravensong is written from the linear perspective of colonized large number whereas Ana Historic is written from the standpoint of the colonizers. In the novel Ana Historic, Inas mothering impacts Annies perception of sexuality. Ina taught her daughters sexuality was something to be afraid of you taught us your fear, you taught us what you knew about a world where even uncles were not to be trusted. you grew more afraid as our sexuality came budding to the fore (Marlatt 34) . Annie tries to write her ego out of the patriarchal limitations of heterosexuality that have bounded her mother Ina to a life of domesticity.She does this by freeing herself from her role as supportive house wife and re-writing her relationship with Ina (Sand 10). Annie realizes that feminine behaviour is not actually something natural and inevitable but it is rather an unnatural social construction. Annie writes you taught me the uneasy hole in myself and how to cover it up cover girl, the great cover-story women acquire in fashion and makeup. You taught me how i was supposed to look, the feminine act (Marlatt 61). Annie also recognizes the inheritance of mothers (Maralatt 60) that passes on sexual repression from generation to generation.For instance, Ina says to Annie, what do you know about repression? you were hardly a virgin when you married, were you? I didnt know the first thing about sex your grandmother simply refused to discuss it, though i begged her (Marlatt 60). Marlatt avoids heteronormativity which is a belief and a set of cultural/institutional practices that enforce heterosexuality as dominant, essential and natural (Sand 18), by creating a sexualized lesbian relationship between Annie and her friend Zoe.While creating a life for Mrs. Richards, Annie begins to realize that she is attracted to Zoe and she writes her into the story by creating a character named Birdie Stewart. Annie writes about the sexual desire she feels for Zoe in her imagined life of Mrs. Richards, you turn intrigued, and your body turning in its long skirt, is caught in the act, you have caught yourself turning in Birdies eyes (Marlatt 109). Annies inherent fear of sexuality surfaces in her imagined life for Mrs. Richard. Birdie recognizes Mrs.Richards fear of her own sexual identity, she says, but youre afraid my dear, afraid of your own twat (Marlatt 135). She addresses her fear of lesbian sexuality when she says You fear what you want. am I right, my love? (Mar latt 139). Mrs. Richards is suddenly rushed with desire, she admits the truth of it and feels it written across her face (Marlatt 139). Annie finally gives in to her sexual desire for Zoe and the novel ends with a climatic sexual poem. Annies lesbian sexuality surfaces as a result of the decolonization process Marlatt inscribes for Annie and Mrs. Richards (Sand 10).In her novel communicative Deconstructions of Gender, Caroline Rosenthal defines sexual decolonization as a debate on whether women are colonized by compulsory heterosexuality in ways precisely decolonizing strategies and the practice of critical consciousness can undo (106). Marlatt deviates from the sexual oppression of middle-class white women by revisioning a lesbian life for Mrs. Richards. The problem of the crossroad of women and the oppression of the indigenous briefly surfaces in Ana Historic.While Mrs. Richards is walking through the woods she comes across two Siwash men who are simply passing by. Where they rum? Perhaps they were furious and meant to do her harm (Marlatt 41). The effronterys that Mrs. Richards makes about these men are related to negative stereotypes such as the drunken squaw that colonizers created to justify taking over Native land (Anderson 229). In the number 1 of the novel Ravensong, Stacey learns that one of her white classmates, Polly, committed suicide. Polly has killed herself in response to the shame she felt about being publically identified as having been sexually active with another boy in Staceys class.Stacey becomes very angry with the reactions of some of her classmates to Pollys lack of chastity (Maracle 28). She couldnt believe how small and mean they all were. So what if Polly had a little fun last night? Big deal (Maracle 28) Stacey does not understand the social disapproval of Polly because in her culture sexuality is seen with humour and is openly joked about. For example, Ella the village elder asks Stacey What you going to save me for, have another baby? The women respond with laughter saying Sure, wherefore not Ella. You probably still like trying. They were on a roll, ribbing Ella about her zeal for men (Maracle 50).Raven pushes Stacey to come to grips with the injustice of her classmate by guiding her to explore Pollys culture and history. Wander around Pollys insides, feel your way through decades, generations of lostness (Marlatt 39). In doing so Stacey discovers that white culture views sexuality very differently than her own culture. She realizes that Polly had a violent home life and that white town had no support for Pollys mother. In the end what struck her about Judys narrative was the lack of support in the white community for Pollys mom.Where was the family in all this? (Marlatt 81) Stacey is surprised by this because in her culture sexuality is natural, a part of everyday life. People love, laugh and have babies (Marlattt 71). In her thesis Rebelling against discourses of denial and destruction, Rache l Deutsch writes that in European ideology, sexuality and sexual acts, especially involving women, were seen as deviant (30). This ideology starts to influence Stacey to reject some aspects of her own culture such as the anger and disgust she feels towards her mother for wanting to remain sexual after the death of her husband.In Kim Andersons article, The construction of a Negative Identity, she states that colonizers created a negative sexual identity for Native women in order to justify taking over Indian land (229). The dirty squaw image made it easier to cover up the reality of Native women who were tho struggling with the increasingly inhuman conditions on reserve (Anderson 231). This negative sexual identity presents itself in the novel when Stacey talks about the racism she experiences at school.A few of them hurled insults and racial epithets at her, whispered cleutch as she passed them (Maracle 69). A cleutch refers to a Native females private parts. Colonialism first pres ents itself at the very beginning of the novel when Celia sees a tall ship approaching the village filled with men. In this moment, Celia feels the impending doom of colonialism on her people and culture. Fear, cold and thin, wove itself into Celias self (Maracle 10). Another instance of colonialism experienced by the village lies in the general indifference of white town towards the flu epidemic that takes many Native lives.Colonialism also surfaces in the relationship between Stacey and Steve, a white boy from her class. Colonialism led to the eradication and destruction of aboriginal cultures which assist in the explanation on why the doctors of white town were unwilling to treat the villagers. Stacey believes it is because their lives are deemed less valuable. Under the shabby arguments about hospitals being full and doctors already over processed lay an unspoken assumption white folks are more deserving (Maracle 69). Stacey sees Steve and other white people as controlling oppr essors.She resists white power (colonization) many times passim the book. Stacey resists her teachers authority and she also resists Steves desire for her. The slave had just given an order to the master, which made him an ex-master. Neither man knew what it was to be an ex-master, so both were deep in thought(p) and hurt (Maracle 75). Her growing frustration for white towns lack of compassion towards suffering villagers is obvious in her attitude towards Steve. Stacey can no overnight stand the racism and she tells Steve exactly how she feels.She tells him that he will never know what her and her people have gone through and asks him How did it feel to watch us die, Steve? (Maracle 186). Steve leaves in shame and Stacey realizes that he was not for her. Ana Historic and Ravensong have taught me several things that I was unaware of before reading them. I have learned that there exists many different writing styles and narrative approaches such as ecriture feminine and gynesis us ed by Daphne Marlatt and the conventions of Native orature (Sand 20) used by Lee Maracle.Ive learned how femininity is constructed in Ana Historic and about the important role that Raven plays in Ravensong. Marlatt and Maracle deal with colonialism and sexuality throughout the novel in a way which allows the indorser to self-reflect on their own positions and understandings of these topics. Non-Native lectors are removed from their usual hegemonic position by Staceys objectification of white town in Ravensong (Sand 20). Marlatts experimentation with language challenges the reader to both examine and interpret the world in a different way.What impacted me the most about Ana Historic is Daphne Marlatts theory and practice of fictionalysis which is a combination of fiction and analysis used as a means to explore self-identity. Marlatt starts with facts from her own life and from history and uses her imagination to create an intersecting territory where fact and fiction co-exist (Sand 10). I enjoyed how she used this style in Annies reconstruction of traditional history through the life she makes up for Mrs. Richards. The role that Raven plays in the novel is what impacted me most about Ravensong.Raven acknowledges the gulf between white town and the village and knows that it needs to be bridged in order to prevent further catastrophe. Raven brings the plague of the flu epidemic in attempt to expose white town to the diversity of the world and to teach them to work together. The inability of white town to grasp the lesson leads to the destruction of the indigenous community. Both novels bring important issues and concerns to women and gender studies and I really appreciate the different perspective that each novel has given me. Ana Historic and Ravensong have contributed important lessons, concepts and theories to this course.

Binge drinking in the UK

We see drunken people almost general whether it is on the news, in our local pub, walking down the street, or perchance even that wizard colleague at work whos having a hard time. Weve all heard the stories on the news about Britains problems with alcohol, whether its minors universe inebriated, students tear drink, or those of us who are simply alcoholics. And what are our great leaders doing to help prevent this? What is always their answer when this topic is raise in parliament? Let us raise the minimum legal age for buying and consuming alcohol to 21. However I propose something radically different. Let us lower it.Aside from the obvious reasons such as being able to dismount married at 16 still being unable to bemuse a celebratory drink at your own wedding in that respect are many valid reasons to lower the age sterilise. virtually of us know the story of Adam and Eve being thrown out of The Garden of Eden be exercise Eve ate unrivaled of the Apples from the tr ee of erudition after God told them specifically non to eat from that tree entirely they could eat anything else they wished to eat. This is probably the best known version of the Forbidden Fruits theory also where the name originated from. There has been many psychological studies to prove and determine how, when and why the Forbidden Fruits theory works the way it does. If you say to your child here is a chocolate bar, scarcely you cant eat it all the child will think about is that chocolate bar and eating it.It is exactly the selfsame(prenominal) with youths and alcohol, making them want to drink underage. and this is where the problem begins for every drinker. Simply because the youths know they can non and should not drink they will do everything possible get their hands on alcohol as often as they can. However if we lower the minimum age of consumption, therefore making alcohol more affable to youths, the number of youths with alcohol problems will decrease significa ntly. In countries such as Italy and France where crapulence a moderate amount of alcohol with the evening meal is the norm, they have significantly less alcohol related health issues than we do. Children are allowed a sip of wine or a slurp of beer because its a hearty activity. Children, and therefore teenagers, see alcohol and its function differently. They have no concept of going out to get drunk.There is also the problem that, reasonable like sex, alcohol is everywhere. There is at least nonpareil pub on every corner, every shop has an alcohol section often secretive the checkout, alcohol in television shows and movies, advertisements for alcohol itself, empty tin cans and bottles lying in the streets often smashed, inebriated people walking home, it becomes drilled into our brains to drink. To someone who is attempting not to drink, it is very hard and they will almost plasteredly give in due to constant re ideaers taunting them.I believe we should join our brothers a nd sisters in the European Union. Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, the Netherlands and Switzerland all have minimum ages of 16 for buying and consumption. Meanwhile Cyprus has a minimum age of 17 and in Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania and Sweden there is no minimum age. magic spell countries in the EU do tend to drink more, the number of alcohol related problems is significantly less than in other countries. In America 57% of the adult population admit to drinking too much.When it comes to minors drinking in America only 9% of the drinkers aged 12 -14 did not binge drink and it only gets worse 6% of 15-17 year olds do not binge drink and a shocking 4% of 18-20 years olds (bearing in mind that the minimum age for buying and consuming alcohol in America is 21.)However in Spain only 5% of the population has an alcohol related problem. why? They too start drinking in their early teens just like us Britons although the difference is they are encouraged to not only drink with friends but with family too.Finally, in Italy the quickest way to lose your friends and neighbors respect is to get drunk in public. Drinking on the streets is considered disrespectful.I feel we submit a shift in the way we think about alcohol and the restrictions on it and this needs to be government led, by lowering the age limit for buying alcohol. If children grew up knowing what wine, beer etc tasted like, the mysticism behind it has been removed, and therefore the impulse to go out and get drunk. By lowering, not raising, the age limit there will be an almost instant change in the number of people abusing alcohol, especially in the younger generations.Binge Drinking In the UK biography of binge drinking in the UK can be traced to several years back and nobody can tell exactly when it started. The Stone Age sort out thinks that fermenting of alcohol began twelve thousand years ago, during the Neolithic period, and there is no any idea if straws were used. The people of UK never got on to Thevinum until the Romans brought wine that was reduce with water. Romans in Britain influenced drinking. The Roman emperors who ruled from AD37 to AD69 were drunkards, despite the fact they were not allowed to drink while in the power stool.The Romans brought about a culture where wine was consumed on with food and children consumed diluted wine . Beer was used as a carbohydrate food in early years. In medieval England there were three fermentations with the strongest one for men, then women and weakest for monks and children. Monks brewed the best quality to be used in Eucharist. In 1736 parliament wanted to pass a law to regulate gin but people rioted and instead production increased.During World War 1 the government was concerned about the female soldiers who drank alcohol while fighting, thereby it introduced laws reducing beers strength and by the end of the war consumption had reduced, but at the moment it is on th e rise. The culture of binge drinking in the UK does exist and it involves drinking intentionally to become intoxicated. The rate of consumption of Alcohol in UK per capita has risen in the last decade. People in UK not only drink beer but also spirits.The culture of binge drinking in UK is a daily norm associated with fat incomes whereby alcohol consumption is a common part of everyday life activity characterised by low rates of abstinence and easy availability of alcohol. Binge drinking is higher in UK than in France. The culture of drinking in UK is different from other European nations which have binge drinkers doing it slowly in the evening, while in the UK it is done rapidly hence drunkenness. In the UK binge drinking culture has unique features whereby in a social context you find large groups of about eight to twelve going out with partners with a purpose of getting drunk together.The binge drinking culture is a problem that cost the country billions of money each year. Bing e drinking has some(prenominal) positive and negative effects. Beer is a drug like any other drug like cocaine or heroin . Binge drinking makes one to increase his self- confidence, one becomes relaxed. An average consumption of alcohol increases ones sex drive (libido). On the other hand drinking can cause changes in peoples lives and behaviour. Alcohol cause illness and health problems, it can cause brain cell damage and the brain can not judge well, events will not be coordinated well in the brain and at older age one will lose memory.When one takes alcohol, it is directly absorbed to bloodstream and makes every organ vulnerable to diseases like cancer. Drinking though known not to be illegal, has massive social costs than illegal drugs . Binge drinking makes one easily confused and one becomes emotional. Over drinking puts one at a risk of losing consciousness and it increases the chances on one causing an accident if driving under the influence of alcohol. Drinking increase on es risk of becoming a victim of heart attack and one feels nauseous. With alcohol consumption, self control becomes a problem, with depression. Binge drinkers risk liver damage and cirrhosis.Students who binge drink are likely to fall behind in class work and are likely to plagiarise their work for submission. Binge drinking causes death, injuries and increased cases of sexual assault. Fighting at drinking places and place of resident physician will be on the rise . Youths are increasingly becoming binge drinkers. Children start binge drinking at an early age in front teenage age. There is widespread binge drinking acts among the teenagers and pre-teens, with parents either ignoring or accepting such acts. In Europe, a youth apart from students drinking is not welcome but in UK it is welcome and youths massively drink.Youths have social pressure to get drunk in order to fit a certain socially group, especially during a night out. Youths at any moment they get money they link one a nother and go out for intoxication. France has interpreted a step and it is struggling to combat youths from consuming alcohol. In conclusion, binge drinking is a real problem rather than an illusion, which need to be combated in the UK. Binge drinking has a long history in the UK, the culture of drinking is luring youths each day, who do not take into consideration or who abbreviate the severe consequences of binge drinking.The government of UK is experiencing a rise in binge drinking by the youths. This has become a problematic issue to the government of UK in curbing the drinking culture. Bibliography Family Training Program. Family training program for Alcohol misuse 2009. Accessed at,http//www. alcoholconcern. org. uk/files/20090429_190115_Flyer%20A5. pdf Gossop M. Living with Drugs, Ashgate Publishing, 2007. Vallely P. 2,000 Years of Binge Drinking, 2005. Accessed at, http//www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/this-britain/2000-years-of-binge-drinking- 516009. html

Effects of Media Globalisation Essay

Summary of the Effects of Media Globalization by Mary Hickman The world, in many ways, has been benefited from media globalization. However, the lurking dark side of media globalization that threatens us, as audiences of the media, has to be acknowledged and cogitated. Undoubtedly, media globalization has transformed our lives in many ways. Friedman (2005) asserted that the seamless information sharing turn in brought nations closer in the facets of businesses, personal communications and medical industries. Unfortunately, media globalization has brought close to many drawbacks to the world.Firstly, it is a question of the motivation behind media corporations. According to Chomsky (1996), profits argon the primary motivation behind every multi-national media corporations. Overwhelming media businesses have swallowed the outcome of journalism. As a result, media corporations have the ability to manipulate the media, creating their ideal audience of a certain kind. Due to the small pool of competing media corporations, the existing powerful media corporations have been dominating the media content.Through various underhand methods, the media corporations have effectively influenced and gained favor by the government. Friedman acknowledges that American media corporation, as leaders in the media globalization arena, are stellar(a) the media world into a dangerous position posing a great challenge to media liberation. In addition, Siochru (2004) postulated that intervening American media has damaged cultures amongst countries. While the voices of the audiences are suppressed, proliferation of ingrown media content such as cognitive content of greed has been appalling. Due to the minimum participation of media content from the audiences, we are vulnerable to any form of ideologies that are intentionally displayed by the media monopoly.

Global risk analysis Essay

This paper aims to review the globeation of the World Bank Risk Management on the innate(p) disaster hotspots. Specifically, this book is entitled Natural Disaster Hotspots A Global Risk Analysis. In addition, this book was published in 1995 in order to address increasing risk brought by the intrinsic disasters all over the world. As a result, this book gave light to the role of natural disasters in signifi go offtly shaping the lives of every people as well as its economy and its community. And so, a review in this book will yield ample results to the readers of this paper.A Global Risk Analysis on Natural Disasters Natural disasters are described as any terrible event, not caused by benignant activity, which results in deaths, injuries or even damage to property. (Forces of Nature, 2007) As it name implies one cannot avoid the detail of natural catastrophes since they are not man-made activities. In new(prenominal)(a) words, military man activities cannot interfere with th e event of natural phenomenon. More importantly, their situation usually causes great damage on the lives and community of people.And as a matter of fact, it disrupts the public conduct of lives of human beings. In the book, the authors have presented the great risk faced by people with the occurrence of the natural catastrophes. More specifically, the study reveals that 3. 4 jillion people, much(prenominal) than half or the worlds population, live in areas where at to the lowest degree one destiny could significantly impact them. Aside from this finding, other important findings in the book are as follows (Uku and Tobin, 2005) Approximately 20 percent of the Earths land surface is exposed to at least one of the natural hazards evaluated 160 countries have to a greater extent than one quarter of their population in areas of high mortality risk from one or more hazards More than 90 countries have more than 10 percent of their population in areas of high mortality risk from two or more hazards In 35 countries, more than 1 in 20 residents lives at relatively high mortality risk from 3 or more hazards More than trinity of the United States population lives in hazard-prone areas, but only one percent of its land area ranks in the highest disaster-related mortality risk category Taiwan whitethorn be the place on Earth most vulnerable to natural hazards, with 73 percent of its land and population exposed to three or more hazards More than 90 percent of the populations of Bangladesh, Nepal, the Dominican Republic, Burundi, Haiti, Taiwan, Malawi, El Salvador, and Honduras live in areas at high relative risk of death from two or more hazards and Poorer countries in the developing world are more likely to have difficulty absorbing repeated disaster-related losses and costs associated with disaster relief, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.Indeed, natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, cyclones, droughts, landslides and floods cause tens and thousands of deaths as well as hundreds of thousands of injuries. Aside from deaths and injuries, natural hazards also cause economic losses around the world individually year. As such, one million millions of dollars are expended also every year in the aspect of humanitarian assistance, emergency loans and development aids. (Dilley et. al. , 2005) And so, the key findings of the book imply that in most all parts of the world, people are faced with great risks from natural hazards.As a result, the occurrence of these natural phenomena disrupts the regular conduct of personal and furrow activities of people and organization. This disruption, in turn, results to the overall socio-economic development of a nation. And in the case of the developing world, development will even become more pernicious. With the annual occurrence of natural disasters, it is the poor nations that are greatly affected, such that they become poorer and poorer with every cyclical happening of natural phenomena.Despite the large losses of people and coin from natural disasters, organizations especially governments are unable to address effectively the damages brought about by natural disasters. This claim has been evident on the recoded loss of human lives as well as properties annually due to natural catastrophes. For instance, the tsunami incident that happened in Thailand last December 26, 2004 had killed 229,866 people. Also, the international community has donated an melodic themed US $7 billion for humanitarian aid to all the victims of the tsunami incident.And so, the reluctance on the part of the government and the people can be traced on the fact that natural disasters are necessary phenomena. What they can only do is to experience this phenomenon and hope for the minimal damage it brings. This kind of thinking has been the target of the book. It aims to deliver the message that in spite of the potentiality threats brought about by natural disasters, the people and the government can coordinate in order to have a successful encounter with these phenomena.Furthermore, the book emphasizes more on the development issues preferably than the typical issues on humanitarian aspect. It also identifies the regions which are passing at risk with natural hazards. In this way, development efforts can be better informed and designed to reduce disaster-related losses in the future. Because of the natural hazard passs repeating themselves every few years, developing countries find themselves in a flagitious cycle of loss and recovery without the ability to move forward and achieve sustainable development.As such, there is a need for the highly affected nations such as the developing world to cooperate with the international community in devising ways to manage disaster risk rather than merely giving humanitarian aids. It is through disaster risk management that the international community can truly help the developing nations. As mentioned earlier, the o ccurrence of natural catastrophes cannot be avoided. And so, it is best to have an effective risk management program on disasters than forever be included in the vicious cycle of damage and revitalization.By stepping out of the vicious cycle, one is removed from the path of continuous loss and recovery, thus achieving development. Based on the book, risk management on disasters is effectively done by primarily focusing on the two disaster-related outcomes- the mortality and economic losses. The risk level was then estimated by combining the hazard exposure with historical vulnerability for two indicators of elements at risk- gridded population and gross domestic product (GDP) per unit area- for six major natural hazards earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, drought and cyclones.The natural disasters were classified in three categories- geophysical, hydro and drought. The geophysical includes the volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides. On the hydro, it consists of the floods and hurricanes. And so, by calculating the relative risks for grid cells rather than for countries as a whole, the authors are able to estimate risk levels at sub-national scales. (Dilley et. al. , 2005) Conclusion Overall, the book served as a catalyst in enlightening individuals as well as organizations both in the public and private realm about the impact of natural disasters and how they will be able to address this phenomenon.Undoubtedly, the book has shed some light into the ways of escaping the vicious cycle of loss and recovery, which is brought about by the annual occurrence of natural disasters. This is especially true in the context of the developing world wherein development becomes elusive once countries have entered the natural hazard cycle. And so, in order not to aggravate poverty, countries especially the developing ones must properly manage natural hazards. The occurrence of natural disasters can be addressed by the international community not through humanitarian aid but by development programs in the context of risk management on disasters.REFERENCES Dilley, M. , Chen, R. , Deichmann, U. , Lerner-Lam, A. and Arnold M. (2005, April). Natural disaster hotspots A global risk analysis. World Bank disaster risk management serial publication no. 5. Forces of Nature. Glossary. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from, http//library. thinkquest. org/C003603/english/glossary. shtml. Uku, R. and Tobin, M. (2005, March 31). Natural disaster hotspots A global risk analysis- Columbia University and the World Bank produce new report. EurekAlert.

Book Report Writing Template Essay

This is a guide only. It is not meant to write the bailiwick for you. It gives you a change or template for writing your own report. The original outline was developed by a t apieceer friend of mine to use with her own students. I have made a hardly a(prenominal) additional enhancements which I believe make the model more clear and complete. A note of caution here. Your teacher may have another take report format that he/she prefers. So, make sure they approve of this format before using it. The following hold in report format template is appropriate for students at the pre-college direct who are required to write a report closely a nurse they have read.For the type of book summaries applicable to college and university level (undergraduate and post-graduate), as intimately as for business and professional situations, you can check out the following book summary sample. 1. Introductory Paragraph The first sentence should state for which instructor and class the book-report is being written. The second sentence should state the deed of conveyance of the book and the authors cognomen. The third sentence should tell how many pages the book has and the name of the publisher. The fourth sentence can state basic bibliographic information about the book.Bibliographic information means not only the author and title but also what company published the book, what year it was published in and any other relevant information such as the edition and if the book has been translated, simplified or abridged. (see copyright page and the back of the title page. ) The next sentence should state the reason(s) you decided to read this book. Why did you choose this particular book? Typical reasons might be You like the author. You like this type of book (i. e. mystery, western, adventure or romance, etc. ).Read moreHow many sentences in unitary paragraph.Someone recommended the book to you. It was on a required reading list. You liked the cover. These reasons do not ha ve to be complex. Most people choose the books they read because they like the author or somebody recommended it to them. If you chose the book because you like the author, then state why you like that author. An optional sentence can be employ if the cover (back cover) of the book gives you any additional information then add a sentence with that information. Was the book a best seller? Are at that place X million copies in print? Did it win any major awards? 2.Main Character(s) Paragraph The first sentence of this paragraph should state who the main piece or characters of the book are, and why they are important. Refer to this person or these persons as the Main Character or Main Characters. You will need at least a complex sentence for this, and probably more than one sentence. 3. otherwise Characters Paragraph You should compose at least one sentence for each of the other prominent or important characters in the book. State the name of each of the other important characters, and the key power that each one plays in the bookMost books have louver or six prominent characters besides the main character, so simply listing each one and stating their role in the book will give you a good sized paragraph. 4. Plot Summary Paragraph This is perhaps the hardest paragraph to write in five sentences or so. If you have to write a bit more dont worry. Here are the main points to cover State the type of book (Mystery, Western, etc. ). What place or country was the book set in? What time period was the book set in? (19th century, the present, ancient Rome, the 23rd century). Other physical locations which are important, like ships, airplanes, houses, or buildings.Other notable attributes of the book. (Was it violent, scary, fast paced, etc. ). What is the main character trying to do? What is the outcome of the book? etc. Make sure you cover all of the major parts of the plot. You might have to go back through the book, chapter by chapter, and make a few notes. 5. Pe rsonal Impressions and Conclusion Paragraph Simply talk about what you liked or did not like about the book. Use this paragraph as your conclusion. It should add together your overall impressions of the book and bring the report to a close. Start with a sentence that states that you are now writing a conclusion.(For example My final thoughts on A Fine Balance are that it is a fascinating book but I am not entirely sure if I tout ensemble understood the thematic message of the book. Restate your reasons why you liked and/or disliked the book using different words. Write two sentences that talk about the books good points and weak points. Write a sentence or two about what you learned from the book. Close with a sentence that states whether you would recommend the book to others. entert be afraid to give your own honest impressions of the book. After all, if youve read the book thoroughly, you are entitled to your own interpretation of it.Typically, your book report should not exc eed two double-spaced pages, and it should be somewhere between 600 and 800 words in length. Research Assistance This site, which claims to be the best single explore source online, maintains an inventory of more than 25,000 research reports on thousands of subjects many of which are book summaries. Most are available for immediate download. If your subject isnt already in their archives, they will do custom research and writing for you. You can download existing document and/or order custom research papers 24 Hours a Day

Badminton vs. Tennis

Badminton vs. Tennis Sports ar considered to be an extremely important part of our lives today, they atomic number 18 requisite to our health, entertainment and relaxation. Even though some sports ar alike in ways, many people unagitated prefer to choose one over the other. This is because even though there are some similarities in the midst of them, they are still completely different when compared properly, like in the case of racquet-based sports. Two racket sports that are shoo-ined worldwide are badminton and lawn tennis.Both are co-ed sports and despite their similarities they are poles apart when it comes to the equipment used in them, their rules and their background knowledge settings. Tennis and badminton are easily mistaken by amateurs, but the people who know and play these sports are well aware of their differences. The rackets used in badminton are long, thin, light weighted and have a undischarged(p)er tension in the string so that more power is applied to t he light-weight shuttlecock, part in tennis the rackets are short, heavy, wide and have lower tension due to the heavy weight of the evening g take in.In badminton a shuttlecock, also known as a birdie in North America has an open conelike shape that consists of sixteen or so feathers overlapping each other, embedded into a rounded bobsled base. In tennis instead of a shuttlecock a ball is allowed, which is covered in a fibrous fluffy felt. Also a shuttlecock is much lighter in weight than a tennis ball. The basic rules of these two sports are also very distinct. In tennis, it is allowed if a ball hits the ground once before the player returns it back to his/her opponent, while in badminton if the shuttle comes in contact with the ground, so a point is lost.Furthermore, the scoring system of tennis is different from badmintons scoring system. In tennis it only requires 4 points to win a set however, in professional badminton a minimum of 21 points are required to win a normal s et. Another difference that separates these sports is the setting in which they are played. Tennis is an outdoor sport so the weather does have an effect on it, but tennis players use their surroundings to their advantage, so a windy environment can be of use in tennis.On the other hand, in badminton even a little wind can cause a great deal of problem due to the light weight of the birdie, which is why badminton is professionally an indoor sport. Additionally tennis courts are larger (72 feet long and 27 feet wide) compared to badmintons courts (20 feet wide and 44 feet long). This is because in tennis the ball travels for a longer distance at a faster velocity, so in order for a player to be able to hit the ball clearly, he/she has to stay far from his/her opponent. In differentiate badminton courts are much smaller this is due to the light weight of the birdie.In conclusion, both badminton and tennis are great sports that are played across the world, and even though they are bot h played with a racket, they are both challenging in their own way. Badminton requires a lot of stamina and exceptionally fast reflexes, while tennis requires more strength and agility. Despite their similarities they are both different and unique in their own way. This is why both are loved and played by different people. If one was to make a survey for the world to choose a favorite between badminton and tennis, I wonder which one would be favored most.

Effective writing Essay

impressive paternity is in truth important when writing an essay because it helps us explore our thoughts and feelings about a authentic topic. Especi in ally when you have so many essays you must preserve during the years in college, you must dwell how to use different writing such as persuasive or tellative skills to accomplish considerably writing. There are so many different writing elements to use but you must control these skills to achieve close paper potential. When it comes to having different type of writing skills, there is a lot to drive in which ones are important to remember.Writing is not only for school but it is where you can express your thoughts by using tender writing skills and techniques. I think effective elements of academic writing is having a sozzled dissertation, swell supporting details, and haveing your hearing because this will create your paper. Having a strong dissertation is the important point of an academic paper. It is where you ha ve a quick summary on what you are trying to inform or support for your full-length paper. A thesis is the statement you put in your introduction where you address what your paper is going to be about which is very significant to build well.Read moreHow to write a good thesis for a synthesis essay.Your thesis is very important because it is where your contributor will understand in the beginning what your paper will be about. The introduction paragraph is a very important part of the essay, and the thesis is a main part in the introduction for the reader. The thesis drives the essay from the beginning because it hooks the audience. As a student, I ahave learned that building a strong thesis is very important because it has to be very specific on what you will be explaing about throw out on the paper.It has helped me start my paper with a guideline, that I must support my thesis during the whole essay. Although all the paragraphs in the essay are academically important, the intro ductions take a very big part of it cod to the thesis. For example, when you start a research paper and pick your topic you must determine your working thesis. Your thesis will be mostly based on your synthesis on what you have found in research, class, or even experiences. The thesis can be a struggle to make at runner but once you achieve a working thesis, then the flow of your paper will be easier.Your thesis may change during the time you write your paper because of many ideas that will pop in your head during writing. The thesis is very detailed to where a five year old child would recognize what you will be trying to inform in your paper. When writing different types of essays where you would need put good supporting detail, you have to have credible sources. The supporting detail can be known as different terms such as, learning, and evidence that will add more information, and then supports the idea or claim.Back to the last paragraph of a thesis, the supporting details support the thesis with proven information in which you research for. When you are writing a research paper, the supporting details come to a play, and you must have very detailed information to support your research. Supporting details is not ever to give detailed information, but to a fault to support you point in your paper. The term sounds so unbiased to do but the concept in having good supporting detail is so important in many types of writing or speaking.The supporting detail comes after the topic sentence in all(prenominal) paragraph. It is like the structure of the form paragraphs because you must use good support to make up the body paragraphs. It not only makes the paragraph but supports the main idea of the paragraph which supports your thesis likewise. Your details also must be very relevant to your main point and thesis, you cannot just write unintellectual facts to put in your paper. In other words, you have to realize that in writing you should avoid unnecessary words and to also avoid on focusing on the wrong this in your paper.Good writers probably spend a lot of time in providing supporting evidence and information about their topic for their paper. A good writers focus is to provide supporting details for your arguments in a form of facts, data, opinions, anecdotes, reasons, and proofs. nigh other valuable element to put in your writing is to know your audience. When writing your essay, it is to determine what the audience is spirit for in your writing. To produce a good piece of essay you must not only know your audience but also you have to become your own audience.You must see what you are writing and what your audience efficacy compel to it, or understand it. You have to make sure you understand your readers expectation, how they strength react to your paper, and if theyre going to understand you whole point of your essay. Knowing your audience helps you make decisions about what information to include in your paper, how you s hould arrange your paper, and what kind of supporting detail you might use for your paper to have the audience to understand. When writing an academic paper, you also must remember that your teacher will not only be the audience you will have.While it is important to know that your instructor is your audience and you must meet requirements in your writing, you should consider the intended audience that might read your paper. In order to effectively plan and write your paper, you must know who your audience is, and what specific needs they might have. The best place to understand is to read your professors hand outs and also their prompt. All three of these writing elements I believe is very important to use in academic writing. To use and understand a strong thesis, good supporting detail, and wise to(p) your audience correctly, the paper would work out smoothly.There are so many different writing uses that can comply to writing a good paper, but having a strong thesis is a main p art in your paper which I inform during this whole essay. Also having good supporting details make the essay enjoyable to read and builds it. Finally knowing your audience is a strong source to use when writing the essay because you would know how to write it payable to who is reading your paper. Writing is very difficult when you doing know what type of writing elements to use and understand some of these might help you write a good paper.

Business Law Essay

On Mon solar day, A proposed to B to buy Bs machine for $12,000 by post. It is primary to distinguish mingled with an invitation to treat and an offer, as an offer once recognized creates a legally binding sustain in which does non apply to the alleged borrowing of an invitation to treat. Therefore, the issue is whether the proposal from A is an offer or an invitation to treat.An offer is defined in Preston Corpn Sdn Bhd v Edward Leong 1982 as anintimation of allowingness by an offeror to put on into a legally binding remove. Its damage either expressly or impliedly must indicate that it is to be be find binding on the offeror as soon as it has been accepted by the offeree. The crucial factor that determines whether something amounts to an offer is the spirit to be jump, which is commonly shown by the wording.Conversely, an invitation to treat is a proposal to negotiate or an attempt to receive proposals. The person extending the invitation is merely indicating that he/ she is allow foring to enter into negotiations but is non bound to accept any offers make.Nonetheless, in the English of Smith v Hughes 1871, the coquette emphasized that the important thing is not a companionships real intentions but how a reasonable person would view the situation. This is due mainly to common sense as each party would not wish to breach his side of the contract if it would make him/her blameworthy to damages.The details of As garner are omitted, so making it the more difficult to assess the express and implied terms of the proposal, which would come in handy to determine whether or not in that location is an intention to be bound. Although buyers may establish the inclination to negotiate on the terms, rarely will there be one who will do so after initiating a proposal. Once taken the initiative and had gone through the hassle to save up out a letter and have it sent, this shows an expression of willingness to buy therefore it is plausible that there is an intention to be bound. But of course this would be my personal presumptions as a reasonable person.Wrapping up, in my opinion, this proposal from A is suggested to be an offer instead of an invitation to treat and once there is an acceptance from B, a mere agreement will be systema skeletaleed. Some prerequisites are mandatory to make an offer valid, thus leads on to the following role.The letter of offer from A was misplaced by the postman and picked up by Bs neighbor, C who passes B the letter on Friday. Logically an offer must be acknowledged by the offeree to be valid. The concern here is whether theoffer from A was communicated and validated.As stated in Barnes. et al. (2006, p.166) The act of communicating the offer indicates that the offeror is willing to be bound by its terms. On the opposite hand, a non-communicated offer may be evidence that the offeror has not yet decides to enter into a binding agreement.The general rule of acceptance is that per haomaance of the r equested act does not amount to an acceptance unless the party perform the act did so with knowledge of the existence of an offer. If otherwise, a party could find himself bound to the terms of a contract of which he was entirely unaware. However, there is a case for making an expulsion in the case of a unilateral contract, at least when performance of the act cannot subject the performing party to any disadvantage.Gibbons v Proctor 1891 is an English Contract virtue case that deals with an offer, via advertisement, and whether or not a person who does not know of the offer can accept the offer if they complete the terms of the offer. The case has also been cited as authority for the proposition that acceptance in ignorance of an offer is effective that a person who gives information for which a reward has been offered can claim it even though at the era of giving it he had no knowledge of the offer of reward.Nevertheless, this offer from A is a sort of bilaterally symmetrical contract, in which A is promising to pay B $12,000 for another promise from B for his gondola auto. As the letter of offer from A was in the hands on C and it did not reached B as mean therefore there is no actual communication and the offer is scarcely considered valid. Common sense tells us that if B had not received the offer from A, there is no way B would learn of As offer and let alone to rejoinder to it. An offer made through the post will not be effective until it is received and read by the offeree.In conclusion, my thesis is that the offer from A was neither communicated nor valid till Friday when B received the letter from C.On Tuesday, B proposed to sell his car for $11,000 to A by post and the post reached A on the following day. In the event where B proposed the offer upon acknowledgement of the offer made by A, it would be regarded as a counter offer, which in turn would be a distinction to acceptance. But this will not apply in this case as Bs proposal was made ahead the awareness of As offer. As a result, this proposal here will be subjected to whether or not the proposed is an offer and a legitimated one.In the previous issue, the buyer, A is making a proposal to the prospective seller, B and more often than not it would be an offer. When the roles are reversed, the proposal could be either an offer or an invitation to treat, hence, the need to highlight the differences.As presented in page 2, the explanation of an offer is unambiguous. However, for further illustration on invitation of treat, in Partridge v Crittenden, the defendant was charged with an offence of offering wild birds for sale with the aid of advertisement contrary to the bulwark of Birds Act 1954. He was found not guilty since he had not offered the birds for sale the advertisement was patently an invitation to treat. Adding on, in Fisher v. Bell 1961, the defendant was charged with the offence of offering for sale a buck knife contrary to section 11 of the Restrictio n of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. He had displayed the knife in his patronise window with a price ticket behind it. It was held that the defendant had not committed the offence as, in displaying the knife in his shop window he had not offered it for sale. These two examples of invitation to treat opposed to the common, non legal, apprehensiveness of the term offer.Goods in shop windows or on display and goods advertised are usually invitation to treat which invites people to make offers and where the seller may choose to or not to sell. Chances are that Bs proposal to A is an offer because if otherwise, he would not had taken the trouble to pen it wad and have it sent. As previous case, this is merely my assumptions as a reasonable person.The letter intended for A from B was clearly communicated as it reached A thefollowing day, Wednesday.In conclusion, my perspective is that the proposal made by B is an offer and a valid one as the offer was acknowledged by the offeree, A.A fax of acceptance was sent by A to B in regards of the $11,000 offer for Bs car. However, was never printed out due to paper failure in Bs fax machine. This is patently an acceptance as it mirrors the offer from B. When an acceptance is effective can be critically important as in most occurrences, the offeror has discretion to revoke the offer at any time before acceptance.The general rule is that an acceptance has no effect until it is communicated to the offeror. In Powell v Lee 1908, the defendants who were the managers of a take in had decided to appoint the plaintiff headmaster. One of the managers told the plaintiff of the decision without authorization. Subsequently however, the defendants reversed their decision and positive a third party in which the plaintiff was suing for breach of contract. The plaintiffs action failed as for there to be a concluded contract, it was essential that there should be a communication made by the body of the persons to the selected candidate.B y using the facsimile machine to send acceptance, it is an effective means of direct communication and no contracts will be created unless it is received by the offeror. In other words, the acceptance is not complete when the message is transmitted but only when it is received.However, in this case, A must have moderately believed that his acceptance was communicated but this is not so because of the fault of B, then B may be estopped from verbalize that he did not receive the acceptance. This is clearly the fault of B as fax is a technologically advanced method of communication and B will generally know at once that the fax has not been communicated.The balance of faults weighs more heavily on B, hence the postal rule can be applied in which the acceptance was effective once A made the fax and anagreement between A and B will surface.However, in the event where As fax had been printed but not acknowledged by B for three age. Postal rule will not apply in this circumstance as not only is it an fast form of communication but, under the traditional contract principles, if the offer or circumstances do not indicate otherwise, the means the offeror used to hold forth the offer is the impliedly authorized means for accepting.In other words, unless B had specifically request for other form of communication, it is reasonable for B to assume that A would send his acceptance by post and would not be waiting by the fax machine. In this circumstance, the acceptance is only complete when B acknowledges it three days later.However, the case of Tenax Steamship Co Ltd v Owners of the Motor vessel Brimnes 1974 contradicts the statement above as it appears that it is not necessary for the offeror to have read the message. If this is applied, the acceptance will be completed on the day itself when A had faxed it instead of three days when B reads it.Personally, as a reasonable person, I would not agree on the latter as it is extremely unjust for B. There are numerous metho ds of communication, the instantaneous kinds, e.g. via telephone, e-mail as well as the non-instantaneous kinds. No one would be able to predict the form of communication adopted by the other party so B could not possibly be hanging around the room where the fax machine was situated in, waiting for As reply. Thus, if B is ignorant of the acceptance, the acceptance would not be of use.On Friday, B posted his acceptance to sell his car for the offer made by A on Monday. The letter was not received by A for two weeks.When an acceptance is to be made through the postal system, the postal rule does apply in which will results in an agreement on Friday regardless ofwhether A receives it or not. This peculiar rule genuine by the English Law has been first enunciated in the case of Adams v Lindsell 1818, where an acceptance is completed as soon as posted.In Adams v Lindsell 1818, the defendant wrote to the plaintiff offering to sell him wool and asked him to reply by post. The plaintiff re plied on the 5th but the letter reached the defendant on the 9th. Meanwhile on the 8th, not hearing anything from the plaintiff, the defendant sold the wool to a third party. The plaintiff sued the defendant and the judiciary held that the acceptance was effective when the letter was posted and so there was a contract and the defendant was in breach of it. Cited from Chandran (p.24)Saying as much, this contract will not be valid as there was previously an agreement made between A and B when A faxed his acceptance. The contract between A and B is where A will pay $11,000 for Bs car and B would have to let go for $11,000 as stated in page 4. No doubt it would be hard on B if he could be bound even without knowing his offer had been accepted. Nonetheless, as mentioned it was his own faux pas that results in the unknown bound.Since the contract for $11,000 is valid, there would be no existence of subject matter of contract which is Bs car in the $12,000 contract and there is no way B will be able to sell the same car twice without breaching the contract.REFERENCE LISTBarnes, J.D., et al. _Law for Business_, 9th Edition. refreshful York McGraw-Hill IrwinBond, H.J., et al. _Business Law_, second Edition. big(p) Britain Blackstone Press Limited LondonChandran, R. Introduction to Business Law in Singapore, 2nd Edition. New York McGraw-Hill IrwinFrey, M.A., et al. _Introduction to the Law of Contracts_, quaternate Edition. United States Thomson Delmar Learning New YorkKelly, D., et al. _The Cavendish Q & A Series Business Law_, 1995. abundant Britain Cavendish issue Limited LondonKeenan, D_. Advanced Business Law_, 10th Edition. Great Britain Pitman Publishing LondonLawson, R., et al. _Business Law for Business and Marketing Students_, 3rd Edition. Great Britain Butterworth-HeinemannLow, K.Y., et al. Business & The Law, 1997. Singapore Pitman Publishing Asia PacificMajor, W.T. _Law of Contract_, 9th Edition. Great Britain Pitman Publishing LondonMcKendrick, E. _ Contract Law Text, Cases, and Materials_, 2nd Edition. United States Oxford University Press IncRead, P.A. _Contract Law Casebook_, 7th Edition. Great Britain HLT Publications LondonSoe, M. Principles of Singapore Law including Business Law, 4th Edition. Singapore The Institute of Banking & FinanceTabalujan, B.S. _Singapore Business Law_, 4th Edition. Singapore BusinessLawAsiaTerry, P. _Mastering Business Law_, 2nd Edition. Great Britain Macmillan Press Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and LondonAssignment Cover Sheet