Ethics and Governance Essay Example for Free

cleanity and Governance EssayWith reference to the Oxford English Dictionary (2012), ethics is described as the science of morals. It is alike the agency of study with regards to the values of moral obligations of what is right or wrong. It also covers human behaviour. A smart set situates many conclusions in a course of unity day. It may include, launching new products, doing Public Relations, fashioning sales, rewriting bon ton policies and the recruitment or retrenchment of populate, just to name a few. All line of descent aims to do so h sensationstly. To conduct business estimablely, a business must first commit to adhering to laws and prescript (Timms, 2009). These be clearly defined, as they are in black and white. However, once the definition of what is ethical becomes contested, ethical dilemmas will arise. An ethical dilemma occurs when in that location is a situation which all alternate choices and behaviours have been deemed undesirable, and that in that respect may be potential ethical consequences when iodine is unable to identify the right from the wrong.An example of an ethical dilemma is of follows, where iodine faces a conflict between his ethical code and his business aims. Cadbury, the chocolate producer, was offered a contract by Queen Victoria to send decorative tins of chocolates to every bingle one of her soldiers in the Anglo-Boer war in South Africa (Andrews, 1989). However, since he was against the war, which resulted in him deciding to resolve this conflict by complemental the order without profit. According to Sir Adrian Cadbury (1987), his grandfather made no profit out of what he saw as an unjust war. The additional high-pitchedtail it benefitted his employees, the royal presents consisting of tins of chocolates were sent to the soldiers, and it was a win-win situation. In a business, there are 3 levels of ethics the ethics of the authorities body, workplace ethics and individual ethics (Trevina Nelson , 2011).A governing body usually is made up of a board of directors, whose aim in the company is to make wide corporate practices easier and more available for employees. They too must drive and motivate employees to strive for good performance, conformance and results. Workplace ethics are important, as it ensures a conducive and supportive environment to work in. There must be equal treatment among and within subgroups, open communication between levels, and selective information must be transparent and readily available. Individual ethics is impact by four complementary elements. Individuals must be able to identify ethical issues recognise the values and priorities through their grasping of principles, rules, norms and theories netherdeveloped their individual sets of reasoning and perception and improving the strength of one to act upon such conclusions (Trevina Nelson, 2011).Before a difficult decision is made, the shareholder or the manager has to think a problem though . One centering to do so is use Kidders Ethical Checkpoints (2006). He has 9 checkpoints which he feels will mavin to an ethical decision being made. First, the manager needs to recognise that there is a moral issue. aft(prenominal) determining the actor, he has to gather the relevant facts. Next, he tests for right-versus-wrong issues as well as paradigms. After applying block principles, he has to look for a third way before devising the decision. After the decision is made, he has to revisit and reflect on the decision. After much research, I feel that Utilitarian approach is the closely useful in guiding company decisions. I will explain why below. A decision is plainly ethical, according to the utilitarian principle, if it has the superlative net advantage as compared to any different alternatives.As a decision maker, he must evaluate and weigh every option present to him. He must determine if there any positive or negative utilities arising from the option, before s electing the option that has the sterling(prenominal) net utility (Fuitzsche, 2005). It is very standardised to the cost-benefit analysis used by stakeholders to consider the costs and benefits of a potential business decision. According to someone applying the utilitarian principle, a decision is only ethical if it has the greatest net utility and benefits the nearly people. An example of the utilitarian approach is when, during office hours, a company monitors their employees habits like tobacco consumption, as one mans actions can affect the entire workplace. A prominent example is in capital of Singapore, where there is the Smoking (Prohibition in Certain Places) Act.This act aims to protect the everyday from the hazardous set up of second-hand smoke. (Smoking Prohibitions, 2012) By making sure that employees do not smoke around the office, there would potentially be less health problems, so lesser sick employees which mean improved productiveness and greater yields. There are two types of utilitarianism, act and rule. Act utilitarianism targets problems in the short run mend rule utilitarianism targets problems in the long run. While act utilitarianism looks at the total later onmath of a single act, rule utilitarianism looks at the repercussion over a series of acts (Fuitzsche, 2005). For example, bribing is frowned upon. An example of bribing occurred in NES chinaware in 1998. NESs government affairs co-ordinator proposed giving gifts to government officials to establish a working resemblanceship to economic aid get its application approved.The another(prenominal) members were horrified, as this was considered bribery and a criminal offence in their domain (Joerg Xin, 2009). Under act utilitarianism, if bribing means that the company will get the business contract, thus allowing the employees to keep their jobs, it is ethical. However, under rule utilitarianism, this is not the case. Bribing, thou it will work in the short run by generating business, however, in the long run, potential customers will question if you got the job through bribing or because of your superior products you are selling. and so bribing does not provide the greatest utility (Fuitzsche, 2005). However, the utilitarian approach does have several limitations. Therefore other ethical theories have to be used together with the utilitarian approach in making company decisions. Firstly, there will be some people who will be at a disadvantage. A decision, according to the utilitarian principle, is only ethical if it has the greatest net utility.However, increasing net utility sometimes causes serious issues and affects people negatively. One notable historic example was the construction of the Great Wall of China (Construction of the Great Wall of China, 2006). Three hundred thousand prisoners and peasants were reportedly conscripted to help construct the great wall. It is state that for every block laid down, one labourer lost his life. In terms of utilitarianism, a epoch-making positive net utility was creates, as the great wall restricted the nomads and protected China. The Chinese citizens were upright for many years to come, at the expense of these three hundred thousand prisoners. Secondly, it is challenging estimating the results or effects of a business decision made. Also, a unit of currency gives more benefits to a poor mortal than to a rich person (Fuitzsche, 2005). In April 2012, all national servicemen in Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore Civil Defence Force and Singapore Police Force received a $60 requital raise (Chua, 2012).A Recruit, who once earned $420, like a shot earns $480, while a Lieutenant, who once earned $1120, now earns $1180. This increment would mean more to a recruit, who had a 12% pay increment, as compared to the Lieutenant, who had a 5% pay increment. It shows that it provides more utility to the poorer recruit. Therefore calculating if a decision maximises utility is difficult. Thirdly, n ot only are the consequences of a decision made hard to foresee, some decisions have consequences which are not substantially or unable to be measured. In August, Apple manufacturer Foxconn improved on the working precedent of its factory in China, such as introducing more breaks, lowering extra time, doubling wages and having better precaution of safety equipment. (Rushe, 2012) Louis Woo, special assistant to the chief executive of Foxconn also released a statement, lamenting that reduction of overtime meant that they needed to hire more people and implement more automation, more investment on robotic engineering (Yip, 2012).These costs to the company are easy to determine. However, the gains in utility from these implementations are difficult to tell. Would productivity subjoin? Will employees be more loyal? Will turnover rate be significantly lesser? Consequences like these are hard to measure. Lastly, utility gained from these business transactions mean different things to d ifferent people (Fuitzsche, 2005). Some managers gain utility from maximising their employees happiness. Some managers calculate utility as one which will increase their material wealth. Below I will compare utilitarian ethical conjecture with opportunism and moral rights approach, to show that while utilitarianism has it flaws, it is still the more useful ethical theory. The utilitarian and egoism ethical theories are rather similar. Decisions made using egoism ethical theory will oftentimes provide the most favourable outcome to oneself, no matter how others around are affected (Fuitzsche, 2005).The other parties may not be harmed or disadvantages, but to the decision maker, it is of no concern. The decision maker using egoism thinks about how the proposition would involve him (Collins, 2009). If the proposition adds onto his interest, it is right. If it does not, it is wrong. However, the decision maker using utilitarianism thinks about how the preposition involves everyone af fected by it. If the preposition done is advantageous to the most number of people, it is right. If it is harmful to the most number, it is wrong. Egoism is very similar to the philosophy of Adam Smith (1790). Egoism according to Smith is an excellent market allocating tool, which benefits society if one cares for their interests in the long run. Egoism usually views things in the short run, which is similar to act utilitarianism, which evaluates what happens in that one incident. However, while utilitarian considerers the total positive net utility, egoism only considers the decision makers self-interest.Thus decisions made using egoism would be deemed as unethical. The rights a principle gives you assured moral or human rights because you are a human being. The moral rights approach stresses that human beings have internal rights and power of choice that cannot be taken away by an individuals action. Gerald Cavanagh (1990) explains six rights that he affirms are basic to business work. They include life safety, honesty, privacy, freedom of conscience, freedom of speech and lastly secret property. One example is regarding Firestone and their tires. In America, 1978, the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) began investigating the relation between Firestones Wilderness AT tires on Fords explore sport utility vehicle.The problem of Firestones tire separation was known internally at Firestone and by the automobile manufacturers however, quite of recalling the tires, they kept it in the market, resulting in 150 preventable deaths and 500 injuries (Henn, 2009). As facts leaked out that were damaging to both companies, they became more aggressive in its defence. Firestone appeared to have violated several human rights. The firm knew that the tyres would create a hazard to humans. And by refusing to recall its products, it violated the right to truthfulness when the truth was extremely important. Even after the whole incident was res olved, public practice in Ford wavered. According to Henn (2009), a position of trust with the public that took many years and millions of dollars to build was severely damaged. According to the utilitarianism theory, an ethical decision is one that produces the most numbers of advantages to the majority of people (Trevina Nelson, 2011).However, according to the moral rights approach, an ethical decision is one that does not breach on the rights of another. The utilitarian approach is best for countries with high collectivism while moral rights approach is best for countries with high individualism. According to Hofstede (2007), most Asian countries scored below average on Individualism. Singapore is no different, so the utilitarian approach is more applicable in companies here. According to Johnson (2007), there is the five I format with regards to making decisions. A problem must first be identified, before it can be investigated. Next, one has to be innovative in coming out wi th many solutions. After this, a solution has to be isolated and then implemented. Making an ethical decision is easier when one applies an ethical theory.A decision made using the utilitarian theory is ethical if it provides the greatest net utility, and produces the greatest benefit for the largest amount of people. Rules developed under utilitarianism can become a moral code to be used passim the company. Thou it has its limitations, as it is difficult to measure utility, or figure out the consequences of a decision, and that it might not benefit everyone, but it is still better as compared to egoism or moral rights approach. Utilitarian is the most useful theory in guiding company decisions, and when used together with moral rights and egoism, it shows what it means to be ethical.